Respiratory pathways in Agaricus bisporus and Scytalidium thermophilum

Abstract The respiratory pathways of Agaricus bisporus and Scytalidium thermophilum were studied. A. bisporus appeared to possess both a cyanide-sensitive and a cyanide-insensitive respiration while in S. thermophilum the cyande-insensitive respiration was absent. Growth experiments showed the ecological advantage for A. bisporus under conditions where cytochrome mediated respiration is inhibited.     

双孢蘑菇上的丝枝霉新种

1980—1981年先后自北京、昆明、福州等地双孢蘑菇[Agaricus bisporus (Lange)Sing.]上分离到一种真菌,在PDA上的培养性状与蘑菇轮枝菌(Vertieillium psalliotae Tresch．)和蛛网丝枝霉中国变种[Aphanocladium aranearum(Petch) Gams var sincase J．D．Chen]近 似。镜检可见其兼具上述两种菌的形态。经反复多次纯化,并挑取单孢子培养,肯定了这种真菌是纯菌。在培养基上已保存4年,形态稳定。它具典型蘑菇轮枝菌形态,而其丝枝霉型瓶梗的形成和瘪缩时间、长度、原瓶梗数量、末端瓶梗数及排列密度等,都与蛛网丝枝霉中国变种有一定差异,与丝枝霉属其它种亦不同,故定为两型丝枝霉新种(Aphanocladium dimorphum sp-nov.)。本文详细描述了该新种的形态,井对文甲所提的五种真菌及其与Engyodontium属间的关系进行了讨论。     

Stimulation of environmentally controlled mushroom composting by polysaccharidases

Polysaccharidases adsorbed on commercial amylodextrins were added to environmentally controlled composts of straw plus poultry manure. After 5 days of composting at 48°C, microbial enzyme activities and numbers of bacteria were higher in the treated compost than in the control. During the next phase at 80°C, between days 5 and 6, more C and N were solubilized in the treated compost. After introducing a microbial inoculum on day 6, and maintaining the substrate at 48°C, colonization by bacteria was faster in the treated compost and consequently, more fibre was degraded. Differences between composts in yields of Agaricus bisporus after 5 weeks of cropping were not significant (P=0.05).The authors are with INRA, Station de Recherches sur les Champignons, BP 81, 33883 Villenave d'Ornon, France     

Comparative effects of Steinernema feltiae (Nematoda: Steinernematidae) and insecticides on yield and cropping of the mushroom Agaricus bisporus

In a mushroom crop (Agaricus bisporus) affected by a very low level of sciarid fly (Lycoriella auripila) infestation, the effects of an indigenous isolate of insect-parasitic nematode (Steinernema feltiae) and of two commonly used insecticides (diazinon and diflubenzuron) were studied. When compared with untreated plots, nematodes applied to the casing had no adverse effects on mushroom yields whereas insecticides decreased yields. At a rate of 3 × 10⁶ infective juveniles per tray (surface area = 0.56 m²), S. feltiae elicited increases of 28.5% and 19% in the mean total numbers and weights of mushrooms respectively. Treatment only with diflubenzuron resulted in 14.6% and 6% reductions in mean total numbers and weights of mushrooms, respectively; treatment with both diazinon and diflubenzuron caused 18.5% and 9.4% losses. Application of nematodes generally reduced the mean weight per mushroom whereas insecticides increased it; nematodes delayed the onset of mushroom production (first flush) whereas diflubenzuron delayed the third and fourth flushes. Nematode contamination of sporophores was minimal when S. feltiae was applied at casing. Although their numbers declined with time, the nematodes persisted, in the casing layer, throughout the cropping period of seven weeks. It is concluded that yield benefits associated with nematode application can result mainly from nematode effects on A. bisporus and not solely from suppression of a damaging pest population.     

Effects of Caenorhabditis elegans (Nematoda: Rhabditidae) on the spread of the bacterium Pseudomonas tolaasii in mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus)

The effects of mass-produced saprobic rhabditid nematodes, Caenorhabditis elegans on the spread of the bacterial blotch pathogen, Pseudomonas tolaasii , were studied in mushroom growth chambers. C. elegans significantly reduced the intensity of blotch on sporophores. Repeated isolations of the bacterial flora from the gut of C. elegans recovered from mushroom sporophores during cropping, revealed the presence of Pseudomonas fluorescens biovar reactans . All the isolates of P. fluorescens biovar reactans isolated from nematodes were antagonists of P. tolaasii .
C. elegans produced much larger populations in monoxenic cultures with P. fluorescens biovar reactans than with P. tolaasii . It is suggested that as C. elegans selects P. fluorescens biovar reactans rather than P. tolaasii as a food substrate it probably spreads the antagonist in the mushroom crop and may contribute to the control of bacterial blotch.     

Occurrence of Verticillium fungicola var. fungicola on Agaricus bitorquis Mushroom Crops in Spain

Diseased fruit bodies of Agaricus bitorquis, with similar symptoms to those caused by dry bubble on Agaricus bisporus, were observed in some Spanish crops during summer 1999. Isolates of Verticillium fungicola from A. bitorquis and A. bisporus were submitted to different temperatures and to prochloraz–Mn sensitivity tests. All the isolates collected from A. bitorquis and A. bisporus were identified as V. fungicola var. fungicola. Artificial infections of A. bisporus and A. bitorquis with V. fungicola var. fungicola are also described in the present study. The appearance of natural infections of V. fungicola var. fungicola in A. bitorquis crops could well be due to the growing temperatures used in Spain, which are considerably below those used in other countries.     

寄生双孢蘑菇的蛛网丝枝霉中国变种

1980—1981年自北京、福州、三明、泉州、漳州、厦门和昆明等地双孢蘑菇[Agaricusbisporus(Lange)Sing]病菇上和不出蘑菇的培养料内,分离到一种真菌。在 PDA 培养基上的培养性状,肉眼观察与蘑菇轮枝菌(Verticillium psalliotae Tresch.)极难区别。根据其分生孢子和瓶梗的形态及其在匐匍气丝上的排列情况等,鉴定为珠网丝枝霉。因具短棒状原瓶梗,认为是一新变种,定名为珠网丝枝霉中国变种 Aphanocladium aranearum(Petch)W.Gams var.sinense J.D.Chen var.nov.它是双孢蘑菇的重要害菌之一。这个“属”和“种”都是我国的新记录。在猴头(Hericium erinaceus)、香菇(Lentinus edo-des),糙皮侧耳(Pleurotus ostreatus)上和水稻土中也有少量分布。     

双孢蘑菇对高温胁迫的响应及耐热机理

本研究以双孢蘑菇Agaricus bisporus工厂化菌株A15和筛选得到的耐高温菌株A15-TH为研究对象,比较了高温胁迫对两个菌株菌丝生长的影响,并从氧化损伤修复及基础碳代谢-糖酵解途径两个角度探索双孢蘑菇对高温胁迫的响应及耐热机理。高温胁迫下,对照菌株A15的菌丝生长速度降低,菌丝分叉增加;而耐高温菌株A15-TH菌丝生长速度高于A15,菌丝形态优于对照菌株,表现出对高温具有一定的耐受性。对两个菌株高温胁迫下氧化损伤及抗氧化酶系统进行研究发现,高温胁迫30-90min导致对照菌株A15的三磷酸腺苷（ATP）含量下降54.4%-59.6%,线粒体复合物I、II、III活性升高,超氧阴离子（O₂^-）含量增加了34.9%-71.3%;此外高温胁迫降低了超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）的活性,影响了O₂^-的清除效率。耐高温菌株在受到高温胁迫后的氧化损伤及氧化修复效果与对照菌株不同,一方面体现在正常状态下维持较低的细胞能量代谢和较高的ROS合成量;另一方面抗氧化系统中sod1、sod2、cat1与对照菌株相比有不同程度的上调,SOD和过氧化氢酶（CAT）活性增强,可以更有效地清除过量的活性氧,减轻高温对菌丝的氧化损伤。尤其在高温胁迫120min时,A15的线粒体功能及抗氧化系统受到严重损伤,线粒体复合物I、II、III活性和CAT活性大幅度下降,但是A15-TH线粒体复合体I、III活性分别增加至正常状态下的1.4倍和8.9倍,CAT活性比对照菌株高128%,维持了正常的线粒体功能及对活性氧的有效清除。进一步研究发现高温胁迫下,双孢蘑菇菌丝的己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶活性增加,糖酵解途径加快;耐高温菌株A15-TH在正常状态下和高温胁迫下,己糖激酶和丙酮酸激酶的活性均高于对照菌株A15,具有更活跃的碳代谢。     

Development and growth of fruit bodies and crops of the button mushroom, Agaricus bisporus

We studied the appearance of fruit body primordia, the growth of individual fruit bodies and the development of the consecutive flushes of the crop. Relative growth, measured as cap expansion, was not constant. It started extremely rapidly, and slowed down to an exponential rate with diameter doubling of 1.7 d until fruit bodies showed maturation by veil breaking. Initially many outgrowing primordia were arrested, indicating nutritional competition. After reaching 10 mm diameter, no growth arrest occurred; all growing individuals, whether relatively large or small, showed an exponential increase of both cap diameter and biomass, until veil breaking. Biomass doubled in 0.8 d. Exponential growth indicates the absence of competition. Apparently there exist differential nutritional requirements for early growth and for later, continuing growth. Flushing was studied applying different picking sizes. An ordinary flushing pattern occurred at an immature picking size of 8 mm diameter (picking mushrooms once a day with a diameter above 8 mm). The smallest picking size yielded the highest number of mushrooms picked, confirming the competition and arrested growth of outgrowing primordia: competition seems less if outgrowing primordia are removed early. The flush duration (i.e. between the first and last picking moments) was not affected by picking size. At small picking size, the subsequent flushes were not fully separated in time but overlapped. Within 2 d after picking the first individuals of the first flush, primordia for the second flush started outgrowth. Our work supports the view that the acquisition of nutrients by the mycelium is demand rather than supply driven. For formation and early outgrowth of primordia, indications were found for an alternation of local and global control, at least in the casing layer. All these data combined, we postulate that flushing is the consequence of the depletion of some unknown specific nutrition required by outgrowing primordia.     

巴氏蘑菇子实体不同发育阶段的转录组分析

为探讨巴氏蘑菇子实体不同发育阶段基因的表达情况,本研究对巴氏蘑菇子实体不同发育时期（原基、采收期和开伞期）进行转录组测序,以本实验室已获得的巴氏蘑菇JA菌株的不育单孢菌株JA-15036基因组为参考基因组研究原基与采收期及开伞期样本间差异表达基因,并对差异表达基因进行了GO功能和Pathway富集分析。GO功能分析结果显示,差异表达基因主要富集在跨膜转运、碳水化合物代谢途径和膜组分,它们协同调控为子实体生长发育提供稳定的内环境。KEGG富集分析结果表明,原基期上调的差异表达基因主要富集在核糖体蛋白和DNA复制,表明原基期细胞代谢旺盛,其中核糖体蛋白基因上调为后期蛋白质合成提供重要场所;采收期和开伞期子实体时期差异表达基因主要富集在碳水化合物代谢、脂肪酸降解和氨基酸代谢等途径,为巴氏蘑菇子实体的生长发育与成熟提供营养与能量。